In this article, while studying 125 pediatric patients who have not descended testicles, we statistically examine the consequences of undescended testicular surgery in children referred to 17 Shahrivar Hospital in Rasht in the period 1394-1400. Then, while finding the most effective variables, we analyze them regression and arrive at a predictive model based on the adjusted variables in backward LR regression analysis.

Globalization is undoubtedly the dominant slogan of our time. A large majority of theoreticians of different schools believe in a common vision that "globalization" is something that differentiates our times. Even though, as far as goals and applications of this concept are concerned; different and at times contradictory evaluations have been offered. These contradictions indicated that concept of globalization differs depending on various theoretical beliefs and views from which it is looked at and therefore, the methods of analysis and conclusion of such concept should be considered with hesitation and deliberation.In this article, taking for granted that globalization is a multi - dimensional, dominant and inevitable process; this very basic question is brought up " are underdeveloped countries able, willing and in command of the determination to resist this process?

In the explanatory attempts about the development and underdevelopment, the scholars and theorists have taken advantage of the different hypothesis. The theoretical traditions evolve simultaneously or in a replacing form have been expressed. Going through the competitive/challenging or interaction/complementary directions, these theories formed a verity of paradigms, which follows the similar or different premises. The dominant paradigms of development include several components which may be studied in different sources. These major components in the above paradigms are summarized as: 1) planning as a path for realization of development, 2) A necessity of going through the transient era, and 3) Inevitability of development. Addressing a range of theoretical arguments, this paper aims to problematize these axioms In this respect, present study propose the new hypothesis which some societies may never be developed It is claimed that facet of many societies may be trapped in the undevelopment.so, the development paradigms may require to experience a Copernican revolution.

Introduction: Disorders in the expression of any gene effective in spermatogenic pathway is known as a probable cause of non-obstructive azoospermia and male infertility. The way responsible genes for sperm motility are expressed can considerably affect male fertility. Recent studies show that TSGA10 gene is effective in the natural process of spermatogenesis as protein produced by this gene in mouse results in the production of the main structure of sperm tail. Up to now, no comprehensive studies have been done on the way this gene is expressed in the infertile's testical tissue.Materials & Methods: In this study, TSGA10 mRNA expression in testicular samples of 84 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia was investigated by semi-quantitative nested RT-PCR in Avesina Infertility Clinic during 2005-6. Moreover, expression levels of TSGA10 during spermatogenesis were evaluated using Johnsen's method for histopathologic scoring of the samples. For statistical analysis, SPSS software (Version 11.2) was used. The difference between gene expressions was done based on quantitative variables by the use of t-test and covariance analysis and α<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value.Results: Testicular TSGA10 mRNA expression was observed in 31 patients, (36.9%), with non-obstructive azoospermia which it had a statistically significant correlation with spermatogenesis progress (p<000.0). Histopathologically, the gene had been expressed in patients with higher Johnsen's score of spermatogenesis while a lack of expression was seen in all of those with Johnsen's score less than 4.5.Conclusion: The findings indicate that TSGA10 is expressed in human testis and it is restricted to germ cells. It seems that lack of TSGA10 expression may have negative effects on spermatogenesis and on male fertility. On the other hand, determination of the timing of gene expression in a certain level of spermatogenesis may also be used to determine levels of spermatogenesis in azoospermic patients alongside histopathological findings.

Infrastructure is important in a neighborhood that can be observed through survey conducted by independent people who are not part of that neighborhood. The present study aimed to determine well organized survey to list well defined infrastructures in neighborhoods that fulfills basics needs of neighborhoods’ people to ensure safety. A safety and engineering related survey has been conducted to identify infrastructure problems in an Undeveloped neighborhood. The studied neighborhood has lacked so many modern and updated infrastructures. NNS (Near Northside) neighborhood infrastructure is failing or becoming older because of lack of engineering and safety knowledge among the community people to have awareness to improve the infrastructure. There exists a need to understand the infrastructure deficiencies that currently is apparent within the community of Near Northside. This work addressed those issues and would encourage the people to have a better infrastructure which could help to improve their neighborhoods.

Considering the importance of financial development in reducing inequality based on the economic literature, importance of income distribution and fair division of resource and facilities between various social groups and elimination of inequality in Iran’ s provinces, this study investigates the relationship between financial development and income distribution in Iran’ s provinces, based on the dynamic panel models and using Generalized Method of Moment(GMM) estimator in the time period of 2006-2015. The underlying provinces are divided into three groups as developed, less developed and Undeveloped based on the index of Ministry of Industry, Mining and Trade. The results indicate that there is a negative and linear relationship between financial development and inequality in all groups of provinces, so it can be said that the higher level of financial development reduces inequality. It should be noted that the impact of financial development on reducing inequality in provinces has an inverse relationship with their development level, so that this effect in Undeveloped provinces is more than two other groups. On the other hand, results show that there are not enough evidences supporting the non-linear inverted U-shaped hypothesis between financial development and inequality in Iran’ s provinces in the period of study.

Introduction: Cefixime is an antimicrobial agent which is prescribed by many physicians. This drug has widespread reaction against various pathogens, especially gram-negative organisms. Regarding the side effects of some of these antibiotics on rat reproductive system, the aim of this study is to determine the effects of Cefixime on pituitary-gonadal hormones, gonadotropins and the morphology of adult male mice.Materials and Methods: Eighteen male mice (ages: 12-16 weeks; weight: 35±5 grms). were divided to three groups, including control, sham and experience. The experience group received Cefixime (0.5 grm/kg) during 10 days while the sham group received Solvent Dimethyl Solfoxide (DMSO) (7 c.c/kg). At the end of the study, titre of hormones was measured by ratio using Immuno Assay (RIA) methods. The morphological criteria of testis (volume, length, weight) were measured, too.Results: The difference of FSH hormones between the control and experience groups was significant (P<0.05). Also, DHEA hormone differences between sham & experience groups was significant (P<0.05). No significant differences were found between the groups of study in testis morphological assays and testostron.Conclusion: Regarding physiological role of sertoli cells during spermatogenesis, reduction of FSH hormone may effect on sperm production and reproductive potentials of male mice. Significant reduction of DHEA hormone between sham and experience groups may be due to probable mistakes or the effects of Solvent drugs, DMSO.

Land Readjustment (LR) is one of the effective land acquisition methods. This method is used for developing and improving urban infrastructure. It also enhances utility and value of land, so Land Readjustment is not a land acquisition method, but a kind of land consolidation method. Implementation of a Land Readjustment project, in certain areas, is accomplished by installing urban infrastructure by means of the land contribution of public facilities, according to a layout plan. On the other hand, it helps in financing project costs by allocating some central rearranged parcels for commercial land uses. In this method, rearrangement of all parcels has been made according to a new layout and land use plan and therefore, all land rights are legally transferred to the new parcels.The aim of this article is to present a practical method in land development management for managing urban development process. Hence, Land Readjustment Program (LRP) as chosen land development management tool in urban area, is presented. First, according to global experience and literature review, different context of its use is considered and effective pattern according to Iranian cities situation is proposed and will be examined in Varamin city.For this purpose, article investigate in Land Readjustment Program experiences in other countries to find suitable criteria for evaluate value of land before and after implementation of this program. Literature review shows that there are universal criteria for this program. These criteria include plot form, plot width, distance to religious place, distance to school, distance to park, distance to commercial facilities, position of plot in its’ block, permissible density, position of plot to arterial street, and infrastructure facilities like water pipes. Then, these criteria were evaluated by experts according to their importance in the program. For valuation of plots, these criteria were used. The main principle of valuation of plots was that value of each plot before and after implementation of Land Readjustment Program is remained equal, by which every owner could receive same benefit from his plot after implementation. For calculating this nominal value of plots, the article used an equation which was presented by other experts. Whole value of each plot include an equation in which three main index were used, namely plot area, value of each criteria, and weight of each criteria. By calculating this equation for each plot and summation for every plot, value of plots could be presented in a practical way.The results of this study show that by utilization of Land Readjustment Program as an administrative tool, it is possible to redeveloping and rearranging urban areas in according to urban needs. It modifies streets network so effective accessibility to parcels will be provided and also secure service provisions for parcels. In this way, infill development of city will be ascertained. Also people participation and especially stakeholders' participation, as the main principle of new paradigms of urban theory and practice, will be provided by attracting effective groups in plan implementation. Finally, Land Readjustment Program will incresae effectiveness of urban development plans.

Introduction: Cryptorchidism is one of the most common disorders of childhood. This anomaly occurs when the descent of testis inhibited anywhere along its normal pathway between kidney and scrotum. There isn’t any study about testis agenesia in our region and the picture of the disease may be different in this region.  The aim of this study ,is to determine more clear picture of this disease in our region and to consider that whether not to use diagnostic laparoscopy in this area can be lead to increased false diagnosis of testis agenesia or not.Material and Methods: This study is descriptive and basis of our study is to refer to hospital archive files, from all patients that admitted during 1996-2003, we found those who had UDT, then all of required data including patient’s age ,unilateral or bilateral UDT ,associated disease, site of UDT, diagnostic procedures, and first symptoms were extracted and then we analyzed this data.Results: Out of 7200 patients that admitted during 1996-2003 yrs, 235 patients had UDT, according to this data the relative frequency of UDT is 3.26%.Regarding to age of patients; most patients were in 5-14 y/o (41.3%). According to associated disease 14% had contralateral UDT, 8.1%had inguinal hernia, 1.7% had hypospadiasis, 6% had hydrocele, 0.9% had torsion of testis and 3% had infertility. Regarding to anatomic site of descent cessation, intracanalicular in 61.4% pts. Superficial inguinal pouch in 16.1% pts, intraabdominal in 14% pts, suprapubic region in 0.9% pts  and agenesis of testis in 7.6% pts was found.Conclusion: According to this survey, the relative frequency of UDT was relative common and the most of operated patients are in higher range of age group (5-14yo).Which shows necessity of public education; and also high incidence of testis agenesia (7.6%) suggests using of preoperative diagnostic laparoscopy in patients with nonpalpable testis.

Every human wants to accomplish all of its’ expectations but the gap between people’ s expectations and their attitudes toward the possibility of accomplishment of them make the feeling of relative deprivation. This article seeks to examine the feeling of relative deprivation among Tehranian youth. In order to achieve this goals the conceptual framework was arranged and the hypotheses were raised. Survey method was used and descriptive & inferential statistics applied to analyze data. The number of samples (400) selected from the youth of developed and Undeveloped regions(3, 15) of Tehran and the cluster sampling was used. The findings demonstrated the feeling of relative deprivation among 15 region youth was more than 3 region youth and economic & cultural capital among 3 region youth was more than 15 region youth. Moreover, the power values were dominate among 15 region youth and welfare & power values were dominate among 3region youth. The people with high economical & cultural capital have low relative deprivation. The main reference group of 3 and 15 regions youth was their friends. the output of regression showed economic capital and reference groups are more important than cultural capital in determining the variation of feeling of relative deprivation.